Mustansiriyah Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences

Laser-induced graphene-based heaters from polyimide film

2025-04-24T08:42:49+03:00

A new and promising technique called laser-induced graphene (LIG) uses a CO₂ laser to create graphene on a flexible polyimide substrate in a single step without the need for additional steps. The structure and surface properties of the graphene were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study also investigates the electrothermal properties of the fabricated heaters by varying the applied voltage concerning temperature, current, and power to assess their performance. The area of the three manufactured heaters was modified to evaluate its impact on performance, along with a new design that accommodates the bending of the heater, allowing it to function as a flexible device. The results indicated that the resistance of the heater decreased as the area increased, leading to an enhanced thermoelectric response and improved performance. Furthermore, the heater's compact size and lightweight nature highlight its significance for the development of flexible electronics.

Preparation and study the structural and optical properties of PS.Cu(etx)2 thin films for UV shield application

2025-03-16T22:53:31+03:00

Thin films of polystyrene PS and polystyrene doped by copper complex Cu_(etx)2, have been prepared on glass (quartz and pyrex) substrates by the spin coating method. The effect of Cu_(etx)2 weight ratios (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) wt% on the morphology, structural, and optical properties have been studied. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the pure PS thin films have an amorphous structure. Adding Cu_(etx)2improves the crystalline structure by turning it into a polycrystalline state. FE-SEM images showed that the morphology of all samples was almost similar, smooth, and with few defects. The optical measurements showed that in general, PS and PS.Cu_(etx)2 thin films exhibited high absorption in the UV region and increased with Cu_(etx)2 weight ratios, as well as a high absorption coefficient (α>10⁴cm^-1) in the visible range with a direct allowed optical energy band gap E_g, and its value decreased from 3.8 eV for PS thin films to 3.05 eV for PS.Cu_(etx)2 thin films with 0.06 wt%. The research focused on the preparation of UV shield thin films as a practical application of the current study.

On Approximation Properties of Unbounded Functions Via Bernstein Polynomials in Weighted Space

2025-04-11T21:45:02+03:00

Bernstein polynomials are have many useful applications in approximation theory and other fields as well. That its one of polynomial important to approximate the functions with net easier properties. In this work, we introduced some main result of approximation of unbounded function by probabilistic tools on and approximate unbounded function by polynomial Bernstein of derivative.

Electrical contribution in heat transfer at Germanium between 75k and 375k by Comsol Multiphysics

2025-04-06T20:25:54+03:00

This article models germanium's thermoelectric properties since semiconductors are increasingly used in current technologies. Modelling and simulation are necessary because testing new, inventive concepts in a lab take time and money. We discuss this in this work. heating the germanium model to determine its electrical conductivity. During the simulation, one end of the semiconductor is supplied with 10 A of current while the other is connected to the ground. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we found that a model of a semiconductor's electrical properties (electric field, current density, space charge density, external current density) varied with temperature. As the germanium model was heated from 75k to 375k, an increase in the electrical properties was observed. In turn, this increased the semiconductor's (germanium) electrical conductivity.

Calculation Of Extinction Cross Section For Core- Shell Nanostructures Using COMSOL Multiphysics

2025-04-13T23:07:24+03:00

Using COMSOL Multiphysics software SiO₂@Pt and SiO₂@Cu spherical core shell were modeled. For both composite the radius of sphere was constant (60 nm) and the thickness of both shells were changed from 5 to 20 nm. The model was used to simulate wavelength dependent optical properties including absorption, scattering, and extinction cross sections. The resonance wavelength for absorption, scattering and extension cross section decreases with thickness increasing for both core shell structure. All resonance wavelength values for SiO₂@Pt are less than that for SiO₂@Cu. Exact control over shell thickness modifies the kinetics of electromagnetic interactions at the nanoscale in addition to adjusting optical density. The findings provide the way for future developments in nanotechnology by setting the way for the creation of novel nanoscale devices with specialized optical characteristics.

Climate data generation employing meteonorm model over selected stations in Iraq

2025-04-09T23:58:56+03:00

Climate is the average weather conditions for a region for a long time, it is also assuming as a relation between weather phenomena and environment whether its natural or human made. The aim of this work is to generate climatological normal for selected cities in Iraq using the software package meteonorm weather and climate generator. The results showed that the temperature during summer in Mosul and Baghdad may reach more than (42^oC) while in Rutba and Basra temperature may reach above (38^oC) and (48^oC) respectively, while the temperature during winter can reach values close to freezing level in Mosul, Baghdad and Rutba while Basra temperature dose not reach such level. The difference in the highest value of diffuse and global radiation (low diffuse - high global) in Rutba city is attributed to the fact that this city is rural which means that it has relatively low pollution particles. The highest maximum sunshine occurs in the Mosul because it is located relatively on high latitude while highest minimum sunshine occurs in the Basra because of low cloud cover during the year.

Parabolic trough solar concentrator performance using oil Heat transfer fluid

2025-04-06T20:30:12+03:00

This study involves an experimental analysis of parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC) that
were designed, constructed, and assessed to evaluate their performance using evacuated tube
receivers for the production of heated transformer oil. The PTSCs employ aluminum sheets
configured as parabolic cylinders to concentrate and reflect solar radiation The glass tube
measured 1.50m in length A nickel foil-based reflective material was affixed to increase the
reflection process. The produced PTSC demonstrates considerable efficacy.
The uncoated PTSC1, at 11:45 am, with solar radiation intensity of 811 W/m² and ambient
temperature of 43°C, attained the maximum transformer oil temperature of 123°C and a thermal
efficiency of 38%. Conversely, the coated PTSC attained a temperature of 200°C and a thermal
efficiency of 52% under solar radiation intensity of 700 W/m² and an ambient temperature of
43°C. The results indicate that, at a rim angle of 45.41°, PTSC-2 featuring a black-coated
receiver tube outperforms PTCS-1 with a non-coated receiver tube.

The Interaction between Software and Hardware and How Hardware Affects Software Performance

2025-03-20T11:34:45+03:00

This study investigates the complex interaction among software program and hardware, with a focus on how hardware additives affect software program overall performance. By employing a mixed-technique technique—combining theoretical evaluation, sensible experiments, and case research—the take a look at examines the impact of key hardware elements, including the CPU, RAM, garage structures (HDD vs. SSD), GPU, and network infrastructure, at the performance of software program programs. Case studies exhibit that hardware enhancements, along with increasing RAM or switching to SSDs, can reduce machine boot time by way of as much as 82% and enhance software responsiveness with the aid of 50%. The research also identifies essential demanding situations, including hardware-software program compatibility problems (e.G., old drivers) and overall performance bottlenecks in useful resource-limited gadgets. To address these demanding situations, the have a look at proposes actionable answers, which includes algorithmic optimization, caching mechanisms, and parallel computing strategies, supported via empirical proof from industry benchmarks (e.G., NVIDIA CUDA and Redis caching). The findings underscore the need of harmonizing software design with hardware talents to acquire highest quality overall performance, imparting practical hints for developers to optimize code for heterogeneous architectures and for customers to select hardware aligned with their software program desires. This painting contributes to the sector via bridging theoretical insights with real-global applications, imparting a roadmap for destiny studies in quantum computing and area tool optimization.

The Optimum Tilt Angle of Compound Parabolic Solar Thermal Concentrator in Baghdad

2025-02-22T11:45:54+03:00

The compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), out of all the concentrator kinds, is designed to gather solar radiation stationary at a relatively high temperature. For solar power systems and high temperature solar thermal systems, the CPC may be the best choice. In this study, a design model for a two dimension compound parabolic solar thermal concentrator (CPC) is theoretically analyzed. The aim of this study was to obtain the best values for the solar incidence angle. The CPC thermal system's design equations were simulated using MATLAB software. The solar incidence angle on the solar panel was calculated as an average for each month using four inclination angles , , , . Over a 12-month period, the incidence angle was computed between 5:00 AM and 18:00 PM.

New Generalized Structures of Supra Compactness and Supra Lindelöfness in Supra Topological Spaces

2025-02-17T13:25:05+03:00

The main aim of the present manuscript is to apply another idea of generalized supra open set namely, supra δ-ß-open to investigate and study other novel extended structures of supra compactness and Lindelöfness namely, supra δ-ß-compact (supra δ-ß-Lindelöf) spaces, almost supra δ-ß-compact (almost supra δ-ß-Lindelöf) spaces and mildly supra δ-ß-compact (mildly supra δ-ß-Lindelöf) spaces in supra topological spaces. Various essential properties and fundamental characterizations for each idea are verified; as well some interesting and appropriate examples are presented to demonstrate the relationships among these kinds of spaces. Additionally, a novel notion of supra limit points called, supra δ-ß-limit points is defined and some basic properties related to this concept are investigated and proved, also various arousing interest results are developed which may be importance of other future studies.

Impact of Laser Pulse Variation on the Structural, Morphological, and Optical Properties of Gold Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Laser Ablation Technique

2025-01-15T15:22:00+03:00

Gold oxide nanoparticles are most useful in various applications due to their distinctive properties. they have valuable photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and optical properties, which makes them very important in antibacterial coatings, sensors, and energy storage applications. This study used the laser ablation technique to synthesize the gold oxide nanoparticles in 2-methoxyethanol. The ablation process was done using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, and different pulses of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 pulses to irradiate the gold target. Various techniques have been used to character the resulting gold oxide nanoparticles, such as FT-IR, to investigate the active groups and bonding patterns. The obtained outcomes noted an interplay between the ablated gold nanoparticles and the surrounding medium. Furthermore, the morphology of prepared nanoparticles was characterized by the use of (AFM), which evaluated that the grain size reduced from 46.7 nm at 500 pulses to be38.3 nm at 2500 pulses. The look also investigated the optical properties by measuring the absorption spectrum at a range of 300-800nm. The energy gap of the acquired colloidal changed into calculated. The effects showed that the energy gap decreased from 2.73 eV at 500 pulses with an increasing number of pulses to 1.34 eV at 2500 pulses.

Small Annihilator Essential Submodules

2025-02-01T23:30:19+03:00

In this research, we will present the concept of small annihilator essential submodules. It was generalization of essential submodules. In addition, investigate properties and characterizations of small annihilator essential submodules. Additionally, we introduce the notion of small annihilator closed submodules and small annihilator uniform modules which serve as generalization of closed submodules and uniform modules, respectively. These concepts extend existing ideas and offer new perspectives on the relationships between different submodule and module types within R-modules .

The Effect of Age on Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Blood Serum Among Medical Radiological Workers and the Control Group

2025-01-04T20:27:08+03:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of age on serum copper and zinc levels in medical radiation workers, compared to the control group. Copper and zinc concentrations were measured using the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique on blood samples from 161 participants, 81 of whom were radiation workers and 80 of whom were in the control group. The results showed that copper and zinc levels were significantly higher in radiation workers than in the control group, with clear variations by age group.

The oldest age group (40-49 years) recorded the highest copper and zinc levels among radiation workers, indicating a cumulative effect of radiation over time. For the control group, changes in copper and zinc levels showed a relative regularity with age, without significant increases.

These results suggest that continuous exposure to ionizing radiation may lead to significant changes in trace elements in the body, especially in older age groups. The study highlights the importance of monitoring copper and zinc levels periodically in radiation workers, with a focus on developing preventive strategies that reduce the impact of radiation on health.

Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm and CNN for White Blood Cell Image Classification

2024-12-19T10:51:16+03:00

This paper presents a novel blood type identification and classification system that combines the Whale Optimization Algorithm, Convolutional Neural Networks, and image processing. The suggested method aims to improve processing efficiency and accuracy, particularly in emergency medical situations like blood transfusions and surgery. The technique guarantees accurate and speedy blood type categorization by utilizing CNN's pattern recognition capabilities and optimizing feature selection through WOA. This method enhances patient safety and speeds up medical decision-making by reducing the chances of an immunological reaction brought on by blood type incompatibility. In order to identify distinctive features like texture, color, and shape, the study uses a BCCD dataset of blood cell images, preprocesses them to improve quality, and then applies CNN for pattern recognition. WOA improves the selection much more of these characteristics by imitating humpback whale hunting techniques, which results in increased precision and shorter processing times. According to experimental data, the suggested WOA-CNN system outperforms more conventional techniques like Decision Trees, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Proposed Method (WOA-CNN) in terms of classification accuracy (98.6%). By reducing the immunological dangers connected to blood type incompatibility, this study demonstrates the possibility of combining deep learning and optimization algorithms to improve patient safety and medical diagnostics.

Multilayer Shields' Buildup Factor for Gamma Ray Exposure

2025-01-08T22:27:21+03:00

Iron discs were coated on both sides with distinct layers of W, Bi, and Pb powders. Three multilayer samples (coated Fe plates with W), (coated Fe plates with Bi), and (coated Fe plates with Pb) were produced by stacking ten powder-coated Fe discs on top of one another and sealing them with epoxy. The average particle sizes for W, Bi, and Pb were found to be 35, 40, and 30 nm, respectively, based on the images obtained using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test. Using a gamma spectrometry system with a NaI (Tl) detector, the transmission factor (T %), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), and built-up factor (B) have been calculated for four distinct gamma energies. For every sample, T% increased as energy increased, and the powder utilized will determine how comparable the data are. The RPE% was 20% for lead-coated iron samples at 1332 MeV, the highest of all the samples. At lower energies, the RPE% for most samples was greater than 70%, and as energy increased, it steadily declined. According to the results, the gamma-ray buildup factor and gamma energy have an inverse relationship.

The spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall anomaly index (RAI) in Iraq

2025-01-03T18:07:40+03:00

The patterns and distributions of rainfall systems determine the prevailing climate patterns for any region of the world. In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution of the rainfall anomaly index was revealed based on data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) for daily rainfall amounts in twenty-four geographically and climatically diverse regions in Iraq for the time series (2016-2050) of the SSP2.5 simulation scenario projections. Overall, these results concluded that rainfall distribution varies temporally and spatially depending on the nature of the climate region and its geographical characteristics. Zakho station in Duhok Governorate within the Kurdistan Region recorded the highest total rainy cases, followed by Baghdad Governorate in the central region, and finally, Diwaniya station in the south, leading these stations in the temporal and spatial variability of the rainfall anomaly index. The spatial variance amplitude of the total rainy days was approximately 10% among all stations. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall analysis of general rainfall anomaly trends showed clear temporal variability among the stations, with five stations showing a positive trend, seven stations showing a non-significant negative trend, and the remaining stations showing a neutral trend at the significance level (α=0.05). The analysis indicated that only Mosul station in the northwest had a significant negative trend, indicating a clear anomaly in the rainfall systems characteristic of Iraq's climate.

Enhance Gabor filter based fingerprint classification based on Termination and Bifurcation extraction

2025-01-11T21:21:25+03:00

In forensic science, distortions in fingerprint images are a major problem because they make matching methods less accurate and of lower quality. To achieve reliable identification, fingerprint scans must be of high quality. In this project, a Gabo filter was used to improve image quality and make it easier to see small details. Additionally, a study was conducted to compare the success of two new fingerprint classification methods. The first clustering method used termination features. Fuzzy-C-Min clustering operators were used, and we adopted two experiments. The first experiment adopts the Terminations features are adopted for attending the clustering process. The second experiment adopts the Bifurcations features are adopted for attending the clustering. The results showed that the second experiment was better at obtaining a higher level of classification accuracy. In other words, making automated fingerprint analysis tools at crime scenes work better.

A Unified Hybrid Cryptographic Framework for Secure Multimedia Encryption using RSA and AES

2026-04-05T22:39:27+03:00

Encryption schemes are traditionally subject to trade-offs regarding speed and security.
Symmetric encryption, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), has high
throughput but lacks secure key distribution. In contrast, asymmetric encryption methods,
like RSA, are slow and have a computational overhead to secure the key exchange. In this
thesis, I provide a single hybrid encryption framework that combines AES and RSA to
secure multimedia content, including text, images, audio, and video. The model mitigates
the deficiencies of traditional encryption schemes, such as long processing times, by
applying adaptive (low-latency/fast-speed) encryption approaches that align with real-time
environments. Notable experimental results showed that high-lossless fidelity and efficient
encryption were achieved compared to existing models, including AES-only models and the
ChaCha20-Poly1305 encryption model. Statistical testing of the results using the Goodness
of FIT Test (Shapiro-Wilk) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated the strength of
the provided framework as a promising alternative. The research provides an overview of
hardware performance assessment and transaction times. Finally, within the thesis, a
comparative analysis was made to suggest that the model provided superior encryption
characteristics concerning scalability of existing models, security, and multimedia formats.